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Articles Post articles View all articles Print this page  1 Search Articles Search by keyword or click on a category below All Topics Other Topic: Other State and local government taxation. 1/11/2008 U.S. states are recognized as having a plenary power to assess taxes on their citizens and on activities that occur within their borders, so long as those taxes do not infringe on a power reserved for the federal government. ... Payroll taxes. 1/11/2008 The next largest tax is Social Security tax formally known as FICA for the Federal Insurance and Contributions Act. This contribution or tax is 6.2% of an employees' income paid by the employer, and 6.2% paid by the employee. ... Progressive nature. 1/11/2008 Progressivity as it pertains to tax is usually defined as meaning that the higher a person's level of income, the higher a tax rate that person pays. ... Methods of calculation. 1/11/2008 There are two required ways to calculate the U.S. income tax. The "regular tax" is based on the gross income minus any applicable deductions and then a marginal tax percentage is applied according to the taxpayer's income bracket. ... Tax distribution. 1/11/2008 In the United States, the Treasury Department reported, based on IRS data, the share of all federal taxes paid by taxpayers of various income levels.The data shows the progressive structure of the U.S. federal tax system that reduces the tax incidence of people with smaller incomes. ... Federal tax code. 1/11/2008 Taxation may be carried out by the Fed (Federal Reserves.) The U.S. tax code is known as the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (title 26 of the United States Code). ... Taxation in the United States. 1/11/2008 Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation. ... Chartered Accountant 1/11/2008 Chartered Accountant (CA) is the title used by members of certain professional accountancy associations in the British Commonwealth countries and Ireland. ... Services Provided by CPAs. 1/11/2008 The primary function CPAs fulfill relates to assurance services, called public accounting. In assurance services, also known as financial audit services, CPAs attest to the reasonableness of disclosures, the freedom from material misstatement, and the adherence to the applicable generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in financial statements. ... Certified Public Accountant. 1/11/2008 Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is the statutory title of qualified accountants in the United States who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA. ... Activity-based costing. 1/11/2008 Activity-based costing (ABC) is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require. In this case, activities are those regular actions performed inside a company ... The Development of Throughput Accounting. 1/11/2008 As business became more complex and began producing a greater variety of products, the use of cost accounting to make decisions to maximize profitability came under question. ... Standard Cost Accounting. 1/11/2008 In modern cost accounting, the concept of recording historical costs was taken further, by allocating the company's fixed costs over a given period of time to the items produced during that period, and recording the result as the total cost of production. ... Cost accounting. 1/11/2008 Cost accounting is the process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with the products or activities of an organization. Cost accounting need not follow generally accepted accounting principles. ... Management Accounting Tasks/ Services Provided. 1/11/2008 Listed below are the primary tasks/ services performed by management accountants. ... Management Accounting in Banking. 1/11/2008 Management accounting is an applied discipline used in various industries. The specific functions and principles followed can vary based on the industry. ... Role of Management Accountants within the Corporation. 1/11/2008 Consistent with other roles in today's corporation, management accountants have a dual reporting relationship. As a strategic partner and provider of decision based financial information. ... Traditional vs. innovative management accounting practices. 1/11/2008 In the late 1980s, accounting practitioners and educators were heavily criticized on the grounds that management accounting practices (and, even more so, the curriculum taught to accounting students) had changed little over the preceding 60 years. ... Management accounting. 1/11/2008 Management accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations. ... Major auditing firms. 1/11/2008 There are many other audit firms competing with the big four for major audit engagements. Competition has intensified in response to independance issues and other legislative requirements introduced as a consequence of the Arthur Andersen Scandal. ... Integrated audits 1/11/2008 In the US, audits of publicly-listed companies are governed by rules laid down by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Such an audit is called an Integrated Audit. ... Quality audit. 1/11/2008 Quality audit means a systematic examination of a quality system. Quality audits are typically performed at defined intervals and ensures that the institution has clearly-defined internal quality monitoring procedures linked to effective action. ... Financial audit. 1/11/2008 A financial audit, or more accurately, an audit of financial statements, is the examination by an independent third party of the financial statements of a company or any other legal entity (including governments). ... Audit. 1/11/2008 The most general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person, organization, system, process, project or product. Audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information, and also provide an assessment of a system's internal control. ... Computerised bookkeeping. 1/11/2008 Computerised bookkeeping removes many of the "books" that are used to record transactions and enforces double entry bookkeeping. ... Double-entry working examples. 1/11/2008 The books of prime entry are where transactions are first recorded. They are not part of the Double-entry system. ... Debits and credits. 1/11/2008 Double-entry bookkeeping is governed by the accounting equation. At any point in time, the following (basic) equation must be true. ... The bookkeeping and accounting process. 1/11/2008 In the normal course of business, a document is produced each time a transaction occurs. Sales and purchases usually have invoices or receipts. ... Double-entry bookkeeping. 1/11/2008 In accountancy, the double-entry bookkeeping (or double-entry accounting) system is the basis of the standard system used by businesses and other organizations to record financial transactions ... Single-entry bookkeeping. 1/11/2008 The primary bookkeeping record in single-entry bookkeeping is the Revenue and Expense Journal, which is similar to a checking account register but allocates the income and expenses to various income and expense accounts. ... Single account bookkeeping. 1/11/2008 Simple bookkeeping for individuals and families involves recording income, expenses and current balance in a cash record book or a checking account register. ... Bookkeeping 1/11/2008 Bookkeeping (also book-keeping or book keeping) is the recording of all financial transactions undertaken by an individual or organization. The organization may be a business, a charitable organization or even a local sports club. ... Graphic definition. 1/11/2008 The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting. ... Financial accountancy. 1/11/2008 Financial accountancy (or financial accounting) is the field of accountancy concerned with the preparation of financial statements for decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, owners, and other stakeholders. ... Tax accounting. 1/11/2008 Tax accounting refers to accounting for tax purposes. Universally, there comes up a difference between tax profits and book profits - tax authorities often ask for additional adjustments to book profits and these are captured in "tax accounting". ... Modern accounting/accountancy. 1/11/2008 Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information so a user of the information may make informed economic judgments and decisions based on it. ... Accountancy. 1/11/2008 Accountancy (profession) or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. The terms derive from the use of financial accounts. ... Accountancy qualifications and regulation. 1/11/2008 Accountants may be licensed by a variety of organisations, such as the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and Institute of Chartered Accountants. ... Accountant 1/11/2008 Accountant, or Qualified Accountant, or Professional Accountant, is a certified accountancy and financial expert in the jurisdiction of many countries. ...  1

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